Effect of Smoking on Serum Uric Acid and Renal Biochemical Markers among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Kosti Diabetic Center, White Nile State, Sudan
Mohamed Osman Ali Mohamed *
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan.
Suzan Ali Mohammed Ali
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan.
Abdelhakam G. Tamomh
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan.
Altayeb Mohammed Ahmed
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan.
Safaa Musa Eltieb Abdallah
Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus and smoking are independent risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Both conditions contribute to oxidative stress and renal dysfunction.
Objective: To assess the effect of smoking on serum uric acid, urea, creatinine and eGFR among type 2 diabetic patients.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted at Kosti Diabetic Center, White Nile State, Sudan, from September to November 2024. Two hundred male patients with T2DM (100 smokers and 100 non-smokers) were enrolled in the study. Serum uric acid, urea, and creatinine were measured using an automated chemical analyser. eGFR was calculated. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21.
Results: Serum uric acid was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (7.82±0.81 vs 5.35±1.45 mg/dl, p<0.001). Urea and creatinine were significantly elevated in smokers (p<0.001), whereas eGFR was significantly lower (p<0.001). No significant correlation was found between uric acid and age or BMI. No dose-response relationship was observed with the number of cigarettes smoked.
Conclusion: Smoking was significantly associated with a less favourable renal biochemical profile in patients with T2DM. Smoking cessation and routine renal monitoring are recommended.
Keywords: Smoking, type 2 diabetes, uric acid, urea, creatinine, eGFR, Sudan